Linguistics

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German directness v. British "phatic" conversation :: not meant to convey hard information but to perform some social function, such as making people feel good - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news...

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Juliane House at the University of Hamburg verfied that Germans really don't do small talk, those little phrases so familiar to the British about the weather or a person's general well-being, but which she describes as "empty verbiage". There is no word in German for "small talk." The British have an "etiquette of simulation" -- they feign an interest in someone. They pretend to want to meet again when they don't really. They simulate concern. From a German perspective, this is uncomfortably close to deceit. The gap between German directness and British indirectness is the source of much miscommunication, says Derek Bousfield, the head of linguistics at the University of Central Lancashire, and one of the editors of the Journal of Politeness Research." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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so naturally the next study will compare propensity towards sustained argumentation ;-] - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Glossary - NOAA's National Weather Service - http://www.weather.gov/glossar...

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"This glossary contains information on more than 2000 terms, phrases and abbreviations used by the NWS. Many of these terms and abbreviations are used by NWS forecasters to communicate between each other and have been in use for many years and before many NWS products were directly available to the public. It is the purpose of this glossary to aid the general public in better understanding NWS products." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Thanks again Maitani...very helpful resource... - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Imagine the Universe! Dictionary - http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs...

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"Imagine the Universe! is a service of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Dr. Alan Smale (Director), within the Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Adhrigu and drigu: on the semantics of an old Indo-Iranian word | Journal of the American Oriental Society, The | Find Articles at BNET - http://findarticles.com/p...

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"IN HIS LONG and characteristically thorough article, "Wortkundiche Beitrage zur Arischen (Indo-Iranischen) Kulturgeschichte und Welt-anschauung" (1958), W. Wust surveyed the many attempts that have been made to analyze and interpret the obscure Vedic word adhrigu. The great variety and mutual incompatability of these attempts demonstrates, at the very least, that the word has been perceived to be a problem ever since Yaska's analysis of it in the Nirukta (where it is rather cavalierly proposed that adhrigu = adhi, prep., -gu, 'bull, cow'). In this brief article, offered in homage to the American Oriental Society's master Indo-Iranist, yet another attempt will be made to come to terms with this still opaque Vedic word. It is humbly offered as a drigu's gift to one whose judgments on all things Indo-Iranian have been unfailingly illuminating and instructive." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Fermisht but Not Fergotten: What the Prefixes Fer-, Far- or Ver-Mean to Us (Forward.com) - http://www.forward.com/article...

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"Here’s a question from Eugene Fidell of Yale Law School: “Many Yiddish words begin with the prefix fer-, such as ferklemt, ferblondzshet, ferkakt, ferdreyt, fermisht, etc. What’s the common denominator? Is there a linguistic connection to the series of English words that includes ‘forgo,’ ‘forbid,’ ‘forget’ and ‘forswear’? Something tells me that these two sets are connected, however remotely.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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And in German ver tends to be under, lower or against. (v makes the f sound): vergessen - to forget, verstehen - to understand. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Children learn language in moments of insight, not gradually through repeated exposure, study shows - http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...

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"ScienceDaily (May 23, 2011) — New research by a team of University of Pennsylvania psychologists is helping to overturn the dominant theory of how children learn their first words, suggesting that it occurs more in moments of insight than gradually through repeated exposure." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking (pdf) by Herbert H. Clark, Jean E. Fox Tree - http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~pal...

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"Models of speaking and listening, and of language generation and parsing, are often limited to fluent speech. But in conversation – the prototypical form of language use – fluent speech is rare. Consider the answer by a British academic named Reynard to the question, “And he’s going to go to the top, is he?”: (1) Well, Mallet said he felt it would be a good thing if Oscar went." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Fascinating as I find that I use 'uh' and 'um' to, as the article says, keep hold of the conversational ball and to interject. Mostly the latter. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Amondawa has no word for ‘time’? « Sentence first - http://stancarey.wordpress.com/2011...

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"A recurring idea in popular discussions of languages – usually exotic or minority ones – is that they have “no word for X”, where X could be hello, tomorrow, burger, ten, accountability, robin, and so on. Sometimes it’s sheer fantasy, sometimes the language simply has (or has had) no need for the word (robins in the Arctic?), and sometimes it has other ways of conveying the idea – such as a longer phrase, a different kind of metaphor, or another syntactic category." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Marcelo Montemurro + Damián Zanette :: Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families (2011) . [Kullback-Leibler divergence for K-word Markovian language model] - http://www.plosone.org/article...

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"Authors calculated the entropy of thousands of texts in eight different languages: English, French, German, Finnish, Tagalog, Sumerian, Old Egyptian and Chinese. Strangely the difference in entropy between the original, ordered text and the randomly scrambled text was constant across languages. This difference is a way to measure the amount of information encoded in word order. The amount of information lost when they scrambled the text was about 3.5 bits per word. The amount of information carried in the arrangement of words is the same across all languages, even languages that aren’t related to each other. This consistency could hint at a single common ancestral language, or universal features of how human brains process speech." <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wired.com/wire... ; title="http://www.wired.com/wire... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

Evolutionary structural divergence "may explain the variations in parameters like correlation length and symbol diversity found in different languages. However, our analysis shows that the evolutionary drift was constrained to occur keeping the relative entropy almost constant. The relative entropy associated with word ordering captures a fundamental quantitative property of language. These results suggest that there are universal mechanisms in the way humans assemble long word sequences to convey meaning." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Boswell's Scottish Dictionary | the rediscovered manuscript - http://boswellian.com/

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"This site celebrates the rediscovery of the manuscript materials for Boswell’s Scottish dictionary: a work which James Boswell began to compile in the 1760s, but which he never finished. Over the coming months, I will be adding further information on the content of Boswell’s dictionary, plus updates on my research into the history of the manuscript. In the meantime, a full description of the manuscript discovery, including discussion of its contents and sample entries, will be published in the 2011 issue (no. 32) of Dictionaries: the journal of the Dictionary Society of North America, towards the end of this year (see the DSNA website for more information on this journal)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"I hope you will enjoy exploring the various parts of this site. I will also be publishing a regular Boswellian Scots Word feature, highlighting individual words or phrases in Boswell’s manuscript that are particularly interesting or appealing. Please keep checking back for news on this and other features of the site, and feel free to email me with any comments or suggestions (see the About page for my contact details)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Spanish / Judezmo / Ladino - http://www.jewish-languages.org/judeo-s...

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"Description by Ora Schwarzwald Judeo-Spanish is a language used by Jews originating from Spain. It flourished in the Ottoman Empire after the expulsion from Spain and continued its existence there (Penny 1996). Some of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa and used the Judeo-Spanish variety known as Hakitia (Haketia) (Benoliel 1977). In the beginning of the 21st century, Judeo-Spanish is an endangered language for lack of new native speakers. Names of the Language The language is known as Spanyolit or Espanyolit (in Israel), Espanyol, Ladino, Romance, Franco Espanyol, Judeo-Espanyol, Jidyo or Judyo, Judezmo, Zargon, etc., in the Ottoman Empire communities, and either Hakitia or just Espanyol in North Africa. Other names are used as well, but Judezmo (meaning Judaism, too), Ladino, or Judeo-Espanyol (Judeo-Spanish) are the most common. It should be noted that among some scholars Ladino is used to denote the Judeo-Spanish mirror-image type language of liturgical translations from Hebrew. " - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Aljamiado: An Iberian Romance Language Wr - History Forum ~ All Empires - http://www.allempires.com/forum...

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"The cross to Andalucia or the Iberian Peninsula was in 711 AD and the Islamic expansion was put to an end in Western Europe in 714 in the battle of Buatie in the depth of France. The Muslim Spain or Andalucia has survived as a propsper society of baile moriscosdifferent ethnics and langauges. In fact, the society was bilingual or trilingual. Besides Arabs, Berbers, Jews, and inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, Vandals, Celtics, and other European races have mixed with the new comers of Arabs and Berbers. Arab and Berber intermarriages were very common also. In terms of Languages, the official language was Arabic. Berber, Hebrew, and Iberian Romance langauges existed. One common Iberian Romance Langauge that existed within Muslim spain was spoken what is known later as Mozarabic. Aljamiado is Mozarabic too. Mozarabs are those Christian who lived within Muslim Spain and spoke an Iberian Romance Latin language close to Catalonese but written in Arabic alphabets and scripts, forming Aljamiado. It does not exist anymore but it contributed in adding Arabic origin words to the later Iberian Langauges such as the Castilian and the Portuguese. texto aljamiado For example, at some point of time, Catalon and Aragonese were two languages spoken besides Castilian in Spain. In Northwest Spain and above portugal, a language known as Galician is spoken also till today. However, Galician speakers interacted with the Mozarabs as they advanced down in the Reconquesta forming Portuguese as a seperate language with a lot of Arabic borrowed words and seperate from Galician. Politics also changed languages. The fact that as Castilian became the official language or what is known today as Spanish, was in fact pushed by the Spanish crown and influencing all the languages under the kingdom including Galician itself and widening the differences between Portugese and Galician eventhough they share one origin." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Reading Arabic 'different' for the brain, new study suggests - http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...

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"Arabic readers recognise words in a different way from readers of other languages, a new study suggests. This doctoral research at the University of Leicester is analysing the reading differences of individuals as well as across languages -- and has shown dissimilarities in how Arabic readers recognise words." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The Bajaur Collection of Buddhist Kharosthi Manuscripts (DFG): About the collection - http://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e...

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"The Bajaur collection comprises altogether fragments from ca. 18 different birch-bark scrolls, written by at least 19 different scribes. The largest scroll (fragment 2) is more than 220 cm long, while the shortest birch bark fragment measures only about 6 cm (fragment 7). Similarly heterogeneous is the fragments’ state of preservation. While some scrolls are almost completely preserved, many of them miss one side. A few are almost entirely broken into many small fragments." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Artificial grammar learning reveals inborn language sense - http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...

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"ScienceDaily (May 13, 2011) — Parents know the unparalleled joy and wonder of hearing a beloved child's first words turn quickly into whole sentences and then babbling paragraphs. But how human children acquire language-which is so complex and has so many variations-remains largely a mystery. Fifty years ago, linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky proposed an answer: Humans are able to learn language so quickly because some knowledge of grammar is hardwired into our brains. In other words, we know some of the most fundamental things about human language unconsciously at birth, without ever being taught." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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I find the study of languages fascinating. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Perseus Digital Library - http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper...

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"Since planning began in 1985, the Perseus Digital Library Project has explored what happens when libraries move online. Two decades later, as new forms of publication emerge and millions of books become digital, this question is more pressing than ever. Perseus is a practical experiment in which we explore possibilities and challenges of digital collections in a networked world. For the mission of Perseus and its current research, see here. Perseus maintains a web site that showcases collections and services developed as a part of our research efforts over the years. The code for the digital library system and many of the collections that we have developed are now available. For more information, please go here. If you are interested in running a mirror of the Perseus Digital Library, please contact the webmaster. Our flagship collection, under development since 1987, covers the history, literature and culture of the Greco-Roman world. We are applying what we have learned from Classics to other subjects within the humanities and beyond. We have studied many problems over the past two decades, but our current research centers on personalization: organizing what you see to meet your needs." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Yes for certain, by gaining a much greater understanding, it made the primary texts so much more interesting and even exciting to read & study further. From being indoctrinated in by the church, my mind was finally opened to the truth, or at least the correct way to pursue it. & recognize it. Before those entry level courses I was just another false sheep.I finally understood myself and others. I also discovered how dangerous & unmanageable it is to know human nature so well, ignorance is bliss. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Latin Word Study Tool - http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper...

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Any semitists (preferably Phoenician specialists) amongsts us, for a small question?

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My expertise is in the history of the Indo-European languages only I am afraid. Maybe I could try to ask some of my acquaintances, but I am not sure I will get an answer. :-) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

Well, I asked the following question to some indo-europeanists and semitists already, but none of them was well versed in NW Semitic; so I was looking for further feedback. My question is: if encountered an indo-european voiceless labiovelar stop (I use the term labiovelar in its conventional sense), i.e. kʷ, how would Iron Age Phoenician behave, which of course does not have the lab.vel.? Would it transform it to a labial stop, or a velar, or else? And do we have any hints in Phoenician phonology which would point toward a certain direction, or, since no examples have been attested so far of such a borrowing, could anything be equally likely? - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Pāṇini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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"Pāṇini (Sanskrit: पाणिनि, IPA: [pɑːɳin̪i]; a patronymic meaning "descendant of Paṇi") was an Ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara (modern day Charsadda, Pakistan) (fl. 4th century BC[1][2]). He is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules[2] of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion. The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although he refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha.[2] It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics and generative linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva. Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, by definition introducing Classical Sanskrit." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Lera BORODITSKY :: How does our language shape the way we think . [2009 Edge] - http://www.edge.org/3rd_cul...

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"Benjamin Whorf (1956) asked, "Are our own concepts of time, space, and matter given in substantially the same form by experience to all men, or are they partly conditioned by the structure of particular languages?" Long before Whorf, Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed that "to have a second language is to have a second soul." One of his successors, Frederick the Great of Prussia, quipped "I speak French to my ambassadors, English to my accountant, Italian to my mistress, Latin to my God, and German to my horse."" see also her 2008 Handbook FAQ (44 pages, PDF) <a rel="nofollow" href="http://commondatastorage.... ; title="http://commondatastorage.... ; and @CogSci <a href="http://friendfeed.com/sea... ; title="http://friendfeed.com/sea... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The real tsunami - The Japanese disaster silenced two metaphors at once - Boston.com - http://articles.boston.com/2011-04...

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"It was only three weeks ago that tsunami was mostly a metaphor. Up until March 11, the day that a massive 9.0 earthquake and an accompanying tsunami hit Japan, the word was being used in news stories to describe all kinds of trends and surges: An op-ed in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution talked about “the senior tsunami (of hunger) beginning to cast its long shadow across all our communities”; a blog at The Wall Street Journal quoted someone talking about a “cheating tsunami…defining college athletics today”; at Computerworld we could have read about the “coming tsunami of Android tablets.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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I snickered at this: literally has lost most of its power as it becomes just a figurative term - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Vedas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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"The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.[17] The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts, with the establishment of the various shakhas all over Northern India which annotated the mantra samhitas with Brahmana discussions of their meaning, and reaches its end in the age of Buddha and Panini and the rise of the Mahajanapadas (archaeologically, Northern Black Polished Ware). Michael Witzel gives a time span of c. 1500 BCE to c. 500-400 BCE. Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern Mitanni material of the 14th c. BCE the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period. He gives 150 BCE (Patañjali) as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early Iron Age) as terminus post quem for the Atharvaveda.[18] TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE VEDIC PERIOD WAS BY ORAL TRADITION ALONE; PRESERVED WITH PRECISION WITH THE HELP OF ELABORATE MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES. A literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times, after the rise of Buddhism in the Maurya period, perhaps earliest in the Kanva recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BCE; however oral tradition predominated until c. 1000 CE.[19] Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves), surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years.[20] The Benares Sanskrit University has a Rigveda manuscript of the mid-14th century; however, there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in Nepal belonging to the Vajasaneyi tradition that are dated from the 11th century onwards." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Number Systems of the World - http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts...

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"I am collecting number systems of world languages. The languages shown below are listed according to the complexity of the way of counting numbers in my opinion. I translate words included in number words to English, and I use '+' and '×' for implicit additions and multiplications. For instance, I explain the French words vingt et un (21) and quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (99) as "20 and 1" and "4 × 20 + 10 + 9" respectively. Please let me know if you find a mistake. A list of numbers in your language is welcome. Some pages use the character set UTF-8. Latest web browsers automatically choose a proper character set." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Norwegian 42. \(^_^)/ - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Getting in the last word | StarTribune.com - http://www.startribune.com/lifesty...

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"A U of M professor is trying to beat the clock to finish his masterwork: A dictionary of the origins of some of the most misunderstood words in English." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Jabal al-Lughat: In search of the missing radical: a piece of Berber historical morphology - http://lughat.blogspot.com/2011...

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"Berber normally has no glottal stops (ء = ʔ) – in fact, Chafik suggested that this was why North Africa favours the Warsh reading of the Qur'an, in which most glottal stops are omitted. However, it turns out* proto-Berber did have glottal stops - and you can still see their footprints on the verbal system." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"Berber languages normally have three basic aspect/mood forms: * the “aorist” (or “simple imperfect”), used mainly for hypothetical events (“eat!”, “I will eat”, “I would eat”...); * the “preterite” (or “simple perfect”), used mainly for past events conceived of as wholes (“I ate”, “I have eaten”); * the “intensive” (or “intensive imperfect”), used for events ongoing at the time being referred to, irrespective of tense (“I eat”, “I am eating”, “I was eating”, “keep eating!”)" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Linguistics

Warning!