Linguistics

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A Little Book of Language by David Crystal – review | Books | The Guardian - http://www.guardian.co.uk/books...

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""It is language, more than anything else, which makes us feel human," argues Crystal, a linguist. He begins scaling what he describes as "the Mount Everest of subjects", with how we learn language: "Babies pick it all up naturally, like breathing." Astonishingly, three quarters of the babies in the world learn more than one language. As well as how we – "the speaking animal" – master the spoken, written and now texted word, Crystal explores the origins of words and how they evolve. In an enlightening and entertaining celebration of language and linguistics, he also writes passionately about endangered languages. There are about 6,000 languages in the world, but this diversity is dwindling fast: half will be gone by the end of this century. Languages have died out before, but the scale of the current losses is unprecedented. Each one represents a unique embodiment of a people's culture and life-world: "Language allows us to talk about our experience of the world in a way that no other means of communication can."" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Language Log » No word for “mess” - http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll...

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"We linguists know that the results of armchair reflection about one's own language are not always empirically reliable. In A Perfect Mess: The Hidden Benefits of Disorder - How Crammed Closets, Cluttered Offices, and on-the-Fly Planning Make the World a Better Place, Eric Abrahamson and David Freeman attribute to Hans Rindisbacher, professor of German at Pomona, an empirically dubious reason for the stereotypical neatness of Germans:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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I think der Kuddelmuddel is my new favorite noun. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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In praise of urban dictionaries | Books | The Guardian - http://www.guardian.co.uk/books...

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"The other week Matt Stone and Trey Parker, the South Park creators, told the audience of the Late Show With David Letterman about the time they decided to go to the Academy Awards in drag. They had gone to the trouble of getting copies made of Oscar gowns previously worn by Gwyneth Paltrow (for Stone) and Jennifer Lopez (for Parker). But when the day arrived, they got cold feet. "We had a limo and we had people doing our makeup and it was, 'Oh, let's not do this'," Parker told the Letterman audience. Yet later on the afternoon of the big day, history records them on the red carpet, hairy chests on display under knock-off Ralph Lauren and Versace. Somehow they had found the courage." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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a wonderful book about slang: Slang: The People's Poetry by Michael Adams <a rel="nofollow" href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/ne... ; title="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/ne... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Austronesian: Word-Order Research: Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals - http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/wordord...

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"We have a new paper out in Nature showing that language structures show lineage-specific trends: Dunn M, Greenhill SJ, Levinson SC, & Gray RD. 2011. Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals. Nature. The people involved in this paper were Dr. Michael Dunn, Dr. Simon Greenhill, Professor Stephen Levinson, Professor Russell Gray." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The Language of Food: Macaroons, Macarons, and Macaroni - http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2011...

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"It's a beautiful spring day here in San Francisco. The wild garlic is blooming, the top of Bernal Hill is covered in fennel, and everyone is celebrating spring. The stores are full of marshmallow peeps for Easter, Janet's family just swept her grandparents' grave for the Qingming Festival, the Persian New Year Festival, Nowruz, just passed, and my family is getting ready for Passover, which means it's time for coconut macaroons, shown above." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The modern word "macaroni/macaroon" (maccarruni in its original Sicilian form, maccherone in standard Italian) first appears in writing in 1279, and is quickly used for both meanings. Alas, we just don't know where it comes from. Arabic is likely; Italian food scholar Anna Martellotti suggests that it comes from the pistachio marzipan muqarrada mentioned above and Clifford Wright suggests a different Arabic etymology from a Tunisian word. Others (including the OED) suggest it may come from the Greek makaria funeral gruel, or perhaps from the Italian dialect word maccare, meaning 'to crush'. But none of these etymologies are universally accepted, and we may never know. " - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Quentin ATKINSON :: Single original language for all humans . [Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa, Science 15 April 2011] - http://www.sciencemag.org/content...

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"Research is based on an idea borrowed from population genetics known as "the founder effect" principle which holds that when a very small number of individuals break off from a larger population there is a gradual loss of genetic variation and complexity in the breakaway group. Atkinson figured that if a similar founder effect could be discerned in phonemes, it would support the idea that modern verbal communication originated on the African continent and only then expanded elsewhere. In an analysis of 504 world languages, Atkinson found that, on average, dialects with the most phonemes are spoken in Africa, while those with the fewest phonemes are spoken in South America and on tropical islands in the Pacific. The study also found that the pattern of phoneme usage globally mirrors the pattern of human genetic diversity, which also declined as modern humans set up colonies elsewhere." <a rel="nofollow" href="http://online.wsj.com/art... ; title="http://online.wsj.com/art... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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more generally, Atkinson and Pagel on how the human species has developed thousands of different languages, podcast <a rel="nofollow" href="http://darwin.britishcoun... ; title="http://darwin.britishcoun... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Blood is thicker than water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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"Blood is thicker than water" is a German proverb (originally: Blut ist dicker als Wasser.), which is also common in English speaking countries. It generally means that the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than those bonds between unrelated people (such as friendship). It first appeared in the medieval German beast epic Reinhart Fuchs (c. 1180 'Reynald the Fox') by Heinrich der Glîchezære, whose words in English read, 'Kin-blood is not spoilt by water.' In 1412, the English priest John Lydgate observed in 'Troy Book,' 'For naturally blood will be of kind/ Drawn-to blood, where he may it find.' By 1670, the modern version was included in John Ray's collected 'Proverbs,' and later appeared in Sir Walter Scott's novel 'Guy Mannering' (1815) and in English reformer Thomas Hughes's 'Tom Brown's School Days' (1857). In 1859, U.S. Navy Commodore Josiah Tattnall, in command of the American Squadron in Far Eastern waters, made this adage a part of American history when explaining why he had given aid to the British squadron in an attack on Taku Forts at the mouth of the Pei Ho River, June 25, 1859, during a battle with the Chinese that year thereby infringing strict American neutrality. More recently, Aldous Huxley's 'Ninth Philosopher's Song' (1920) gave the saying quite a different turn with 'Blood, as all men know, than water's thicker/ But water's wider, thank the Lord, than blood.' From "Wise Words and Wives' Tales: The Origins, Meanings and Time-Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New" by Stuart Flexner and Doris Flexner (Avon Books, New York, 1993). "Relatives stick together; one will do more for relation than for others. A similar expression in German dates from the 12th century, but in English it seems to have been passed on verbally until the early 19th century when it appeared in print, in 1815, in Sir Walter Scott's 'Guy Mannering'" 'Weel - Blud's thicker than water - she's welcome to the cheeses.'" From "The Dictionary of Clichés" by James Rogers (Ballantine Books, New York, 1985). It is also a song by Black Label Society. "Relationships within the family are stronger than any other kind. The saying was first cited in John Lydgate's 'Troy Book' (c. 1412). Appeared in J. Ray's collection of proverbs in 1670. First attested in the United States in 'Journal of Athabasca Department' (1821)." From "Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings" (1996) by Gregory Y. Titelman (Random House, New York, 1996). The phrase was collected in a book of proverbs in 1672. From "Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins" by Robert Hendrickson (Facts on File, New York, 1997). - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Well, bacteria can pretty much grow in all of them! :-P - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Prakrit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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"Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) (Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति)) is the name for a group of Middle Indic, Indo-Aryan languages, derived from Old Indic dialects.[1] The word, derived from its Indian root "Parikrit", itself has a flexible definition, being defined sometimes as, "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", or "vernacular", in contrast to the literary and religious orthodoxy of saṃskṛtā. Alternatively, Prakrit can be taken to mean "derived from an original," which means evolved in natural way. The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy. The earliest extant usage of Prakrit is the corpus of inscriptions of Asoka, emperor of India. Besides this, Prakrit appears in literature in the form of Pāli Canon of the Hinayana Buddhists, Prakrit canon of the Jains, Prakrit grammars and in lyrics, plays and epics of the times.[2] The various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions, as well as different regions of the Indian subcontinent." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"Prakrit is foremost a native term, designating "vernaculars" as opposed to Sanskrit. Some modern scholars follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.[6] While Prakrits were originally seen as "lower" forms of language, the influence they had on Sanskrit, allowing it to be more easily used by the common people, as well as "Sankritization" of Prakrits gave Prakrits progressively higher cultural cachet.[7] Ardhamagadhi ("half Magadhi"), an archaic form of Magadhi which was used extensively to write Jain scriptures, is often considered to be the definitive form of Prakrit, while others are considered variants thereof. Prakrit grammarians would give the full grammar of Ardhamagadhi first, and then define the other grammars with relation to it. For this reason, courses teaching "Prakrit" often teach Ardhamagadhi.[8] Pali (the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism) tends to be treated as a special exception, as classical (Sanskrit) grammars do not consider it as a Prakrit per se, presumably for sectarian rather than linguistic reasons. Each Prakrit represents a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in old historical sources, but are no longer spoken (e.g., Paisaci)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Evolution of Language Takes Unexpected Turn | Wired Science | Wired.com - http://www.wired.com/wiredsc...

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"It’s widely thought that human language evolved in universally similar ways, following trajectories common across place and culture, and possibly reflecting common linguistic structures in our brains. But a massive, millennia-spanning analysis of humanity’s major language families suggests otherwise. Instead, the language seems to have evolved along varied, complicated paths, guided less by neurological settings than cultural circumstance. If our minds do shape the evolution of language, it’s likely at levels deeper and more nuanced than many researchers anticipated." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Disinterested or uninterested? How long we should cling to a word's original meaning. - By Ben Yagoda - Slate Magazine - http://www.slate.com/id...

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"Suppose a friend said to you, "I know you're disinterested, so I want to ask you a question presently." Then he didn't say anything. Would you be momentarily nonplussed?" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages - http://dsal.uchicago.edu/diction...

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"THE beginnings of this book go back over half a century. The year 1912 when I first met Jules Bloch saw for me the beginnings of a friendship which was to last till his death in 1953. He was then writing La Langue Marathe of which in 1914 he sent me an advance copy.1 I had myself already collected material for articles on the phonology of Gujarātī and, since coming to India in 1913, had gained some knowledge of Hindī. The following four years of active service in the Indian Army provided me with much first-hand material from another Indo-aryan language, namely Nepāli; and during these years the idea formed itself of a comparative dictionary, perhaps somewhat on the lines of W. Meyer-Lübke's Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, in which to present the vocabulary of the New Indo-aryan languages in so far as it was derived from Sanskrit. This idea was encouraged by Sir George Grierson, who proposed that such a dictionary should form an appendix to the volumes of his great Linguistic Survey of India then, in 1920, still in process of publication.2 Although after his death in 1941 in his ninety-first year3 and with the coming of Independence his proposal was put on one side by the Government of India, I have dedicated to the memory of this good man and great scholar a work which, imperfect and incomplete though it is, owes its existence to him. " - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Alphabetical list of Open Access Journals in Ancient Studies http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2009...

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AWOL - The Ancient World Online - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The Millions : A Review! A Review! Farnsworth’s Classical English Rhetoric - http://www.themillions.com/2011...

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"These days we tend to write as we speak, with a certain allowance for fancy words and allusions. Our sentences march from subject to verb to object like a horse heading for home, and we quickly become impatient with what is usually considered under the ancient heading of rhetoric: elaborate parallelism, repetition, mirror constructions, and so on. It looks like showing off; it feels tricksy. But until recently those tricks were the foundation of public discourse, and a knowledge of chiasmus and Cicero was a prerequisite for anyone who wanted to be thought cultured. There are many reasons for the change, and they are largely good reasons, but there has still been something lost, and Ward Farnsworth is here to remind us of what it is." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"Farnsworth begins his preface thus: “Everyone speaks and writes in patterns. Usually the patterns arise from unconscious custom; they are models we internalize from the speech around us without thinking much about it. But it also is possible to study the patterns deliberately….” He asks how one should study “techniques that succeed only when they seem unstudied,” and says “The answer lies in examples,” adding that the selection “reflects one of the chief purposes of the book, which is to help recover a rhetorical tradition in English that is less familiar because it is outside of living memory.” He does not try to cover all the traditional figures, just “the eighteen or so that, in my judgment, are of most practical value.” He omits metaphor and simile “not because they are unimportant but because they are too important; they are large enough topics to require separate treatment of their own.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Language Log » At last, the truth from The New Yorker - http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll...

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"Well, with this post yesterday I finally tempted a New Yorker staff member (whom I cannot name for obvious reasons) to let me in on the secret about the ban on subject-verb inversion in clauses with preposed direct quotation complements. You will recall that the august magazine refuses ever to publish a clause with a structure like "Good Lord!" cried the bishop, his mitre all a-quiver, and his vestments in disarray. The strictly enforced house rules require the alternative order: "Good Lord!" the bishop, his mitre all a-quiver, and his vestments in disarray, cried. The strange policy turns out to be due to one irascible and much-feared man, subeditor Mortimer Thelwell-Hart. His reaction to a lexical verb preceding its subject is to go apeshit. And neither the contributing writers nor the management know what they can do about it." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"Nobody, that is, but Mortimer Thelwell-Hart. His view is that main verbs invert with subjects in sissy languages like the ones in the Romance family, and he is damned if he will see it take root in The New Yorker. He has been known to hurl coffee mugs at staff writers and damage furniture during his stylistic tirades. He once threw Larissa MacFarquhar down a flight of stairs in front of witnesses during a dispute about constituent order with quotation complements. The management was too craven even to reprimand him. (There are darker rumors about him having once shot a man in Reno just for using lay not lie.)" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Corpus danger: the era of Brian « Motivated Grammar - http://motivatedgrammar.wordpress.com/2011...

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"The explosion of data available to language researchers in the form of the Internet and massive corpora (e.g., the Corpus of Contemporary American English or the British National Corpus) is, I think, a necessary step toward a complete theory of what the users of a language know about their language and how they use that information. I became convinced of this with Joan Bresnan’s work on the dative alternation — which I’ve previously fawned over as the research that really drew me into linguistics — in which she and her colleagues show that people unconsciously combine multiple pieces of information during language production in order to make probabilistic decisions about the grammatical structures they use. This went against the original idea (which many grammaticasters still hold) that sentences are always either strictly grammatical or strictly ungrammatical. Furthermore, it showed the essential wrongness of arguing that one structure is ungrammatical on analogy to another structure. After all, if (1a) is grammatical, by analogy (1b) has to be as well, right?" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"That’s not the case, though.* There are a lot of different factors affecting grammaticality in the dative alternation, including the length difference between the objects, their animacy and number, and even the verb itself. But this conclusion was only reached by using a regression model over a large corpus of dative sentences. This regression identified both the significant features and their effects on the alternation proportions. In addition, having the corpus allowed the researchers to find grammatical sentences that broke previously assumed rules about the dative alternation, showing that the assumed rules were false. Prior to having a corpus study on this alternation, people thought they mostly understood it, but now that we have the corpus study, the results are much different from what we’d been saying." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » Happy birthday OK: the world’s most-popular word turns 172 - http://blog.oup.com/2011...

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"By rights, OK should not have become the world’s most popular word. It was first used as a joke in the Boston Morning Post on March 23, 1839, a shortening of the phrase “oll korrect,” itself an incorrect spelling of “all correct.” The joke should have run its course, and OK should have been forgotten, just like we forgot the other initialisms appearing in newspapers at the time, such as O.F.M, ‘Our First Men,’ A.R., ‘all right,’ O.W., ‘oll wright,’ K.G., ‘know good,’ and K.Y., ‘know yuse.’ Instead, here we are celebrating OK’s 172nd birthday, wondering why the word became a lexical universal instead of a one day wonder." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The title of this made me smile because "Happy birthday" happens to be the most popular song in the world. :) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Oneida Language | dictionary and grammar | home page - http://www.uwgb.edu/oneida...

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"This site offers some tools for studying and learning the Oneida language. Here you can: * learn a little about the language, its speakers, and its traditions - About the Oneida Language. * download a teaching grammar that includes sound files so you can hear how the language is spoken as well as how it is organized - Oneida Teaching Grammar * access a dictionary database to look up words or find out how root elements of the language are used - Oneida Dictionary * view some sample texts - Sample texts" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Stæfcræft & Vyākaraṇa: Linguistics Behind the Wicket (LBW) #1: Shahid Afridi and Free Love Friday - http://staefcraeft.blogspot.com/2011...

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"In belated celebration of the breaking of Australia's 34-match unbeaten run in World Cup matches by Pakistan, I offer the first in what I plan to be a recurring series of cricket-related linguistic investigations. I'm dubbing this series LBW ("Linguistics Behind (the) Wicket")." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Xiongnu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu, Middle Chinese: Guangyun: [xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]) were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. The bulk of information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources. What little is known of their titles and names comes from Chinese transliterations of their language. The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. Proposals by scholars include Mongolic, Turkic, Iranian[1], Yeniseian[2][3] and Finno-Ugrian[4].The name Xiongnu may be cognate to the name Huns, but the evidence for this is controversial.[3][5] Chinese sources from the 3rd century BC report them creating an empire under Modu Chanyu (who became supreme leader in 209 BC)[6] stretching beyond the borders of modern day Mongolia. In the 2nd century BC, they defeated and displaced the previously dominant Yuezhi and became the predominant power on the steppes of eastern Asia. They were active in the areas now known as southern Siberia, Mongolia, western Manchuria, and the Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xinjiang. Relations between early Chinese dynasties and the Xiongnu were complex, with repeated periods of military conflict and intrigue alternating with exchanges of tribute, trade, and marriage treaties. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Extra link: The Xiongnu Empire <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.allempires.com... ; title="http://www.allempires.com... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Shady Characters » The Pilcrow, part 3 - http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011...

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"¶ Taking pride of place at the head of every new paragraph, the pilcrow had carved out a literal niche for itself at the heart of late medieval writing. Boldly inked by the rubricator, pilcrows grew ever more elaborate and time-consuming to add. Unfortunately the deadline is not a modern invention; occasionally, time would run out before the rubricator could complete his work and the white space carefully reserved for the pilcrow went undecorated. With the advent of the printing press, the volume of printed documents to be rubricated grew exponentially and it became increasingly difficult to attend to them all. The pilcrow became a ghost, and the indented paragraph was born in its stead.[1] ¶ Robbed of its raison d’être, the pilcrow retreated to the margins of typography. Though it found shelter in the worlds of proofreading (where it signified the point at which a paragraph should be split in two[2]) and legal documents (where it formed a double act with the section mark to create reference marks like this: §5, ¶12[3]), its brief reign as the de facto standard paragraph mark was over." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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DE GRUYTER - Linguistics • Communications - Free Trial Access! - http://www.degruyter.com/cont...

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"De Gruyter is delighted to offer complimentary online access for 30 days to the first volume of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschichte. To access your free copy of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschichte, simply do the following: If you are a new user of our integrated online platform Reference Global: Register free of charge at www.reference-global.com. Type in your Access Token in the registration form to activate your free access: jgsg_MK" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Translators' (and Linguists') Resources -- Glossaries and Dictionaries http://translationjournal.net/journal...

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Baayen: Analyzing linguistic data. A practical introduction to statistics (pdf) http://www.ualberta.ca/~baayen...

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Fwd: Aye Can - Scots language - Scottish Census 2011 - http://www.ayecan.com/ (via http://friendfeed.com/maitani...)

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Alan Kennedy's Color/Language Project - Facts About Color - http://www.starchamber.com/colors...

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"We tend to think of colors as ideas which all humans agree on – grass is green, flames are orange, the sky is light blue – even if different languages have different names for these colors. As English speakers, we also tend to think of color names in terms of the "basic" ones and the more specific, secondary ones (e.g. turquoise, ochre). Think of the words that are taught to young children for color. A quick look at baby books shows that English generally has has 11 basic color words:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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COLOR IDIOMS IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.starchamber.co... ; title="http://www.starchamber.co... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Linguistics

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