Linguistics

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10 Words You Might Think Came from Science (But Are Really From Science Fiction  ) - http://io9.com/5850293...

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"Last week it came to our attention that the phrase "blast off" was coined—not in a purely scientific context, but a science fictional one—by E. E. Smith, an early science fiction author often referred to as "the father of space opera." The term appeared in Smith's 1937 story Galactic Patrol, when one character inquires of another, "How long do you figure it'll be before it's safe for us to blast off?"" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"And it turns out blast off isn't the only scientific word or phrase with science fictional origins; here is a list of nine more, originally composed by Jeff Prucher—editor for the Oxford English Dictionary's Science Fiction Project and author of the Hugo Award—winning Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction—for the Oxford University Press Blog." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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India: Languages and Scripts - http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiy...

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Indian languages and scripts: link list - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Áloþk’s Adventures in Goatland | þorn.info - http://evertype.com/blog...

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"The Zumorgian language, Zumorigénflit, is a linguistic isolate with features common to the Turkic and Caucasian languages. Its sound repertoire is strikingly similar to that of the Bashkir of Bashkortostan, though Zumorigénflit boasts a number of unique consonant clusters unknown in that language. Although Zumorigénflit was briefly written in both the Arabic and the Cyrillic scripts, both of these writing systems were abandoned after a pair of Mormon missionaries from Iceland, Steinar Steinsson and Guðmundur Guðmundsson, spent several months working with the Lizg people. Few conversions resulted from Steinar and Guðmundur’s visit to Ŋúǧ, but the two did leave the legacy of a stable orthography which Róaž Wiðz made use of in his translation." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The Zumorigénflit alphabet is as follows: Aa/Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ðð, Ee/Éé, Ff, Gg, Ǧǧ, Hh, Ħħ, Ii/Íí, Jj, J̌ǰ, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ŋŋ, Oo/Óó, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu/Úú, Vv, Ww, Yy, Zz, Žž, Þþ, Ææ, Öö, Üü. Stressed syllables are marked in the orthography with the acute accent, except for the vowels æ, ö, and ü, which are inherently stressed, as are the diphthongs ay, ey, oy, and öy (when in non-final position). Stressed vowels tend to be slightly longer than unstressed vowels, and have a closer quality. The following key will help the reader unfamiliar with Zumorigénflit." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective: etrog - http://www.balashon.com/2006...

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"Etrog, on the other hand, is listed in the same book as borrowed from Persian turung or Mandaic trunga. (The form "etrunga" is found in Kiddushin 70a.) The Persian word, according to Chaim Rabin's article "Lexical Borrowings from Indian Languages as Carriers of Ideas and Technical Concepts" (in "Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism", page 25, edited by Hananya Goodman, SUNY Press) comes from Tamil, and is related to "matulankam" and "matulai" which mean pomegranate or lemon. (In modern Tamil, pomegranate is "matulanpazham," where "pazham" means ripe fruit.) Rabin says that there is no similar word in Sanskrit, suggesting that etrogs were originally found only in southern India where Tamil and other Dravidian languages are spoken, and only spread to northern India and Persia in a later period (after Sanskrit). I'm not sure what this implies about the question of whether "pri etz hadar" always meant only the etrog, and whether the "etz hadaat" could have been an etrog. It is quite possible, of course, that "trunga" did not mean an etrog, but a different kind of fruit, at the time the word was borrowed from Dravidian, and that it was this other fruit that was only found in southern India. The "kam" at the end of "matulankam" (and hence the "nga" at the end of "trunga") are presumably related to "kaay" meaning "fruit" in modern Tamil. The same root is apparently found in the Persian word "naranga" (source of "naranja" in Spanish and hence "orange" in French and English), which was also borrowed from a Dravidian language. In modern Tamil, "naru" means "smelly," so "naranga" could mean "fragrant fruit." (Words that mean "fragrant" tend to evolve to mean "smelly" in any language.) Oranges are thought to have come to the Middle East and Europe from northern India, according to the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and to there from southern China and Indochina, so the question arises as to why the word would be borrowed from a Dravidian language. One possibility is that the word dates back to the period before the Indo-European conquest of India, when Dravidian languages were spoken in Northern India as well. So the "g" in etrog would be cognate with the "g" in orange." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Ach so :-)) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » Were ancient ‘wives’ women? - http://blog.oup.com/2011...

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"When we deal with the origin of ship and boat (the names of things pertaining to material culture), problems are almost predictable. Such words may have been borrowed from an unknown language (or from an attested language, but definitive proof of the connection is wanting) or coined in a way we are unable to reconstruct, but wife? Yet its etymology is no less obscure. My proposal will add to the existing stock of conjectures, and the future will show whether it has any chance of survival, let alone acceptance." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The few things that can be said about wife without hedging are as follows. In the past, it was pronounced wif, with the vowel as in Modern Engl. wee. It meant “woman,” not “female spouse,” as it still does in housewife, midwife, old wives’ tale, German Weib, and Dutch wijf. Very early, man(n) “person” was added to it, and by a series of phonetic changes wifman became woman. Old Engl. wif had cognates in German, Dutch, and Frisian. Old Icelandic wíf (í designates “long i,” the same vowel as in the Old English word) occurred in poetry, but whether it was native in Scandinavian or borrowed from English (a more probable option) is unclear. In any case, wif was not a common Germanic word, because it did not turn up in Gothic, a Germanic language, recorded in the fourth century CE. Nor is it a continuation of the main Indo-European word for “woman,” which we detect in gynecology and whose Germanic cognate is the now obsolete Engl. quean (quean is related to queen, but they are different words)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Fwd: The Roycroft Dictionary - http://www.roycrofter.com/dict... via Greg GuitarBuster http://friendfeed.com/greghea...

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"Concocted on Rainy Days for the Divertisement of the Gloomsters" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Babel's Dawn: Getting Less and Less Perceptible - http://www.babelsdawn.com/babels_...

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"When you focus on topics, however, the issues are different from syntactical matters. Instead of worrying about recursion and move rules, there is the steady straying from physical reality by topics. Apes and toddlers name concrete things, but there is more to talk about than things that can be sensed. In particular, things that happen internally cannot be named directly." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"Finally, the most abstract topics are concepts. Whether we needed to evolve a special brain function to handle concepts is not clear. One thing that is very apparent about metaphorical and conceptual language is that it uses the same structure as concrete language. A sentence like ,"There is no justice in that courtroom," makes justice sound like a physical thing. Even if we speak more abstractly, "The system is unjust," we are talking as though the system exists and unjust is a real property, like, "The apple is red." Languages don't seem to distinguish, at least syntactically, between abstract topics and concrete ones. It suggests to me that while topics have been evolving, syntax has not." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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HUMANITIES Magazine: September/October 2011: Words of America: A Field Guide | by Michael Adams - http://www.neh.gov/news...

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"The American story is told in American words, the words in journalism, novels, poems, films, diaries, letters, everyday conversation, tweets, and the back-porch tales one generation tells another. Each American word has its own story too, and America has great storytelling dictionaries, historical dictionaries filled with chronologically organized quotations to illustrate the forms, meanings, and uses of American speech. These dictionaries are informative and readable: Anyone with the time and interest can sit for hours in an easy chair and browse American culture word by word. One such dictionary, the Dictionary of American Regional English, covers regional and local speech for the whole United States: It is the treasure-house for the all-American word hoard." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Michael Adams is the author of 'Slang: The People's Poetry' <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oup.com/us/cat... ; title="http://www.oup.com/us/cat... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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How did Buddhist sutras get translated into Chinese? | Teamwork | No-sword - http://no-sword.jp/blog...

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"How did Buddhist sutras get translated into Chinese? I hadn't really given much thought to this question before, unconsciously attributing it to an array of faceless, more-or-less bilingual monks working alone or at best in parallel. It turns out that the process was much more involved. In Kanbun to Higashi Ajia 漢文と東アジア ("Kanbun and East Asia"), Kin Bunkyō 金文京 gives an account of the 982 C.E. translation of the Heart Sutra into Chinese by a team centered on an Indian monk named Devaṣanti 天息災:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Modern scholars are very lucky to have access to parallel texts. In the distant past one was blessed if any hardcopy was available. Sometimes that hardcopy would be a faux sutra which was invented out of the blue, or let's say inspired by the rhetorical flourish -- text-juicing taken to the n-th degree. Of course, the original parallel text would not exist in that case, but that was the norm in terms of accessibility. Innocently some faux sutras were adopted as authentic because a system for annotation, quotation, and bibliographical reference was lacking. For expediency any such markers were frequently omitted in the course of manual transmissions (i.e. without "version control" :-). It's interesting to see how Buddhist practices evolve, due simply to linguistic contortions. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Happy Hangul Day! | Wordnik ~ all the words - http://blog.wordnik.com/happy-h...

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"This Sunday, October 9, is Hangul Day, the yearly commemoration of “the invention and proclamation of [the] native alphabet of the Korean language.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Teaching non-language courses in a foreign language improves language learning, research suggests - http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...

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"Students who in addition to their traditional German language courses are taught other courses in German end up with both a stronger vocabulary and a better communicative ability, according to a new doctoral thesis in German from the University of Gothenburg." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The increasing globalisation has led to a focus in school curriculums on communicative ability, a type of ability that can be improved in many ways. Most researchers agree that there is a strong link between the input students of a foreign language receive and their language production. It is also generally perceived that an authentic content helps boost students' motivation, which indirectly may facilitate language learning." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Vṛddhi - a special method of word derivation in Old Indo-Aryan - http://mittani.blogspot.com/

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"Like our modern Indo-European languages English and German, the ancient Indian languages had different means of building new words out of existing ones, e. g. suffixation as in English shy-ness (a noun derived from an adjective), and prefixation, e. g. German ver-brauchen, but the ancient Indians also used methods of derivation neither modern English nor German do know any more – but which once have been used in these languages' predecessors, too." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The special means of derivation found in mārga- is named by a Sanskrit term Vṛddhi, 'growth'. It is marked by lengthening of the root vowel, which in Old Indian means to add double a to the root at the earliest possible point of the word (e.g., in mārga- ṛ + a +a gives ār) (there is a special system of vowel gradation in Old Indian, where the vowels a, i, u, and ṛ are being upgraded by adding -a- to the basic vowel, and again, by adding another a, used mainly as a no longer productive means of derivation, like the Ablaut in English and German irregular verbs)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » From ship to boat - http://blog.oup.com/2011...

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"The history of boat is no less obscure than the history of ship. Britain was colonized by Germanic-speakers in the fifth century CE from northern Germany and Denmark. It is hard to imagine that the invaders, who became known to history as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes and who must have known a good deal about navigation, stopped using boats after they crossed the Channel. But a cognate of boat has not turned up in any modern dialect spoken on the southern coast of the North Sea. The unexpected conclusion is that the colonizers did not have this word and therefore did not bring it to their new homeland. In the continental language we now call Old Saxon (not the ancestor of Old English, even though it is close to it), several words for “a floating vessel,” including skip “ship,” two compounds ending in -skip, and two diminutives, occur. They are still recognizable from their reflexes (continuations) in Modern German and English, but none bears any resemblance to Old Engl. bat (with long a, that is, the vowel we hear in today’s father, Prague, or spa). That the word was popular is certain, for it later made its way into the Romance languages (French bateau, etc.), German (Boot), and Dutch (boot)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Manx language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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Manx (native name Gaelg or Gailck, pronounced [ɡilk] or [ɡilɡ][5]), also known as Manx Gaelic, and as the Manks language,[6] is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, historically spoken by the Manx people. Only a small minority of the Island's population is fluent in the language, but a larger minority has some knowledge of it. It is widely considered to be an important part of the Isle of Man's culture and heritage. The last native speaker, Ned Maddrell, died in 1974. However in recent years the language has been the subject of revival efforts. Mooinjer Veggey [muɲdʒer veɣə], a Manx medium playgroup, was succeeded by the Bunscoill Ghaelgagh [bʊn-skolʲ ɣɪlɡax], a primary school for 4- to 11-year-olds in St John's.[7] In recent years, despite the small number of speakers, the language has become more visible on the island, with increased signage and radio broadcasts. The revival of Manx has been aided by the fact that the language was well recorded: for example the Bible was translated into Manx, and a number of audio recordings were made of native speakers. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Thank you. :-) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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PAWAG-Poorly attested words in ancient greek - http://www.aristarchus.unige.it/pawag...

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"The project Poorly Attested Words in Ancient Greek (PAWAG) has the aim of setting up a database in the form of an electronic dictionary that gathers together words of Ancient Greek that are either only scantily attested (i.e. with one or few occurrences), inadequately (i.e.characterized by some sort of uncertainty) or in any case problematically, both from a formal and semantic point of view. The project is open to international collaboration and the archive will be drawn up through progressive expansion both in the number of entries and their contents, with gradual correction and updating and elimination of any ghost-word. The database is available free and offers a scientific tool for scholars in the research on classical world as well as a supplement to the existing dictionaries of ancient Greek (in which satisfactory attention can hardly be paid to the complex field of Poorly Attested Words), in order to make a contribution to future improvement of Greek lexicography." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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An Amish dialect? | Dialect Blog - http://dialectblog.com/2011...

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"I spent last week in southeastern Pennsylvania, near the heartland of the Amish, an isolated religious group which shuns modern dress and lifestyle. This resulted in the strange experience of spotting teenage girls in a local mall clad in clothing more typical of 18th-Century Europe than 21st-Century America. And me being me, I couldn’t help but wonder what an ‘Amish dialect’ of English might sound like." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Leaving Amish Paradise <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/wa... ; title="http://www.youtube.com/wa... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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People Who Became Nouns - Photo Gallery - LIFE - http://www.life.com/gallery...

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"Before there were silhouettes, there was a Silhouette. And before there was gerrymandering, there was a Gov. Gerry. It's easy to forget that some of the English language's most common words had real-life namesakes in living, breathing people. Like the Edsel, a disastrous car line that has become synonymous with failure. The line was named after Henry Ford's son Edsel (at right here with his dad in 1905 in Detroit) by the company board. Thanks, guys." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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List of eponyms <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » Champollion reveals decipherment of the Rosetta Stone - This Day in World History - September 27, 1822 - http://blog.oup.com/2011...

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"On September 27, 1822, Jean François Champollion announced a long-awaited discovery: he could decipher the Rosetta Stone. The stone, a document written in 196 BCE during the reign of Ptolemy V, had been discovered in Rashid (Rosetta in French), Egypt in 1799 by French troops involved in a military campaign against the British. Deciphering hieroglyphics had frustrated scholars for centuries. Arab scholars, beginning in the ninth century, CE, made unsuccessful attempts, as did Europeans in the fifteenth. Consequently, even though Egypt was littered with monumental stone inscriptions, no one could translate them." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The Rosetta Stone was immediately recognized as a tool that could be used to decode Egyptian hieroglyphic writing since it was inscribed with hieroglyphics, a second Egyptian script called demotic, and ancient Greek. If, as it was assumed, the three pieces of writing had the same text, the Greek could be used to understand the Egyptian." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Leet: The word "Wikipedia" written in Leet - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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Leet (or "1337"), also known as eleet or leetspeak, is an alternative alphabet for the English language that is used primarily on the Internet. It uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters. For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and l33t; eleet may be spelled 31337 or 3l33t. The term leet is derived from the word elite. The leet alphabet is a specialized form of symbolic writing. Leet may also be considered a substitution cipher, although many dialects or linguistic varieties exist in different online communities. The term leet is also used as an adjective to describe formidable prowess or accomplishment, especially in the fields of online gaming and in its original usage, computer hacking. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

didn't know that there were four levels to Leet, e.g. at the most elite, |_ 33¯|¯ _/¯|°3/-\|<, translates to "leet speak." kekeke - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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RESEARCH ARTICLES: Traces of a Lost Language and Number System Discovered on the North Coast of Peru - Quilter - 2010 - American Anthropologist - Wiley Online Library - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi...

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"ABSTRACT Sometime in the early 17th century, at Magdalena de Cao, a community of resettled native peoples in the Chicama Valley on the North Coast of Peru, a Spaniard used the back of a letter to jot down the terms for numbers in a local language. Four hundred years later, the authors of this article were able to recover and study this piece of paper. We present information on this otherwise unknown language, on numeracy, and on cultural relations of ethnolinguistic groups in pre- and early-post-Conquest northern Peru. Our investigations have determined that, while several of the Magadalena number terms were likely borrowed from a Quechuan language, the remainder record a decimal number system in an otherwise unknown language. Historical sources of the region mention at least two potential candidate languages, Pescadora and Quingnam; however, because neither is documented beyond its name, a definite connection remains impossible to establish." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

Traces of a Lost Language Discovered <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.peabody.harvar... ; title="http://www.peabody.harvar... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Erez Lieberman Aiden + Jean-Baptiste Michel :: What we learned from 5 million BOOKS (2011, TEDxBoston) . [500 billion words, data mining texts, Culturomics from NGRAMS] - http://www.youtube.com/watch...

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entertaining yet fascinating... DIY see <a rel="nofollow" href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.... ; and also Top 5 Ngrams (80+ comments) <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ted.com/conver... ; title="http://www.ted.com/conver... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Also works as stand up comedy. That 1950 bit is priceless. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Anglo-Saxon linguistic purism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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Yes, please let me watch the far-seeing-box... - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Henry, yes, I like them, too. And, contrary to the purists' purpose, they complement and not replace the "foreign" words; so the in the outcome they have enriched the German language. Fortunately, the efforts of those people haven't yielded what they intended. :-) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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PHI Latin Texts - http://latin.packhum.org/index#

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"Classical Latin Texts A Resource Prepared by The Packard Humanities Institute" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Language Log » Visual aid for the final serial comma - http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll...

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"If you ever have trouble remembering a minimal contrast for the final serial comma, a.k.a. the Oxford comma, here's a little visual help:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The very first comment (by Tal Cohen) illustrates perfectly that for every instance of a serial comma correcting confusion, there is an instance of a serial comma adding confusion. What sometimes gets lost in this whole debate is the fact that like 99.9% of written statements that include serial lists (with or without a serial comma) produce exactly ZERO confusion for the reader. And an experienced writer should be able to recognize those few cases where punctuation causes ambiguity and use non-punctuation based means to avoid it. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The Secret Life of Pronouns - By James W. Pennebaker - Book Review - NYTimes.com - http://www.nytimes.com/2011...

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"When President Obama addressed the nation after the killing of Osama bin Laden in May, some conservative reactions to his rhetoric were all too predictable. On National Review Online, Victor Davis Hanson highlighted the 15 times that Obama used “I,” “me” or “my” in the 1,400-word speech, and asserted that “these first-person pronouns . . . reflect a now well-known Obama trait of personalizing the presidency.” A few weeks later, when Obama gave a speech at the C.I.A.’s headquarters in Langley, Va., the Drudge Report offered the headline, “I ME MINE: Obama praises C.I.A. for bin Laden raid — while saying ‘I’ 35 times.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Good morning, ramazan :-) - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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