Linguistics

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The Iranian verb system from quincunx to back again - http://www.christopherculver.com/languag...

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"When I first became acquainted with Persian some years ago, two grammatical features seemed unusual to me from an Indo-European perspective. One was the ezafe construction, which I eventually learned was the product of contact with Caucasian languages. But the other was the formation of the present tense with a prefix me‑ (indicative) or be‑ (subjunctive) followed by the verb stem and personal endings. In his chapter ‘Dialectology and Topics’ in Routledge’s The Iranian Languages pp. 24–25, Gernot Windfuhr offers a fine summary of the changes that produced the modern Persian system of tenses, which not only clarifies the origin of me‑ and be‑, but shows that Persian has returned to the same five-member tense/aspect system that Iranian (like Greek) started off with." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"The history of the parameters and axes of the verb systems from Old Iranian to Modern Iranian shows a cycle from a five-member quincunx to varying Middle Iranian systems back to a quincunx. The development is shown here with the example of Persian. The inherited fundamental and primary verbal parameter of the Early Old Iranian system is triple aspect which intersects with the binary tense parameter of present and past (marked by the augment a‑). It is centered on the perfective aorist:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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‘The Whole Nine Yards’ - Seeking a Phrase’s Origin - NYTimes.com - http://www.nytimes.com/2012...

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"When people talk about “the whole nine yards,” just what are they talking about?" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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I like how people keep offering etymologies for 'the whole nine yards' in the comment section. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Of Fanás and Forecastles: The Indian Ocean and Some Lost Languages of the Age of Sail – 1 of 11 « Amitav Ghosh - http://amitavghosh.com/blog...

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"Bangladeshis, like Armenians and Gujaratis, often tell stories about the unexpected places where their countrymen are to be found. One location I have never heard mentioned however, is a website maintained for the benefit of the Australian ‘family history community’: it was there that I came upon the ship’s manifest of the William Stewart, a 596 ton vessel that arrived in Sydney on November 8, 1854, having made the journey from England to Australia with a crew of forty-four.[i]" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"Who then were these lascars? The brief notations on the list reveal more than might be expected: although most of them were Muslims, there were some Christians and Hindus among them too. The oldest was a man of 48, from Sylhet, in what is now Bangladesh, and the youngest was a 16-year-old from Madras - but for the most part these men were in their twenties and thirties, by no means young, according to the standards of an age when English and American seamen commonly began their careers in their teens. The seniormost lascar was one Serang Mohammad, a thirty-two year old sailor from Bombay; next in seniority were the two tindals, of whom one was from Chittagong and the other from ‘Bamnell’, a place that has the distinction of being unknown to Google. For the rest, twelve of the lascars were from what might be called undivided Bengal – places such as Sylhet, Barisal, Noakhali, Calcutta and Howrah. Another six were from various ports along the east coast of India, including Madras; one of the seacunnies, Roderick by name, was probably a burgher from Colombo; two others were from Goa; two were Malay; two were probably Arab-African; and another two were, in the vocabulary of the time, ‘Manila-men’, meaning Filipino." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Why don't 'gain' and 'again' rhyme? | OUPblog - http://blog.oup.com/2012...

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"This is a story of again; gain will be added as an afterthought. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, dictionaries informed their users that again is pronounced with a diphthong, that is, with the same vowel as in the name of the letter A. (I am adding this explanation, because native speakers of English with no knowledge of phonetics seldom realize that the vowel in day, take, main consists of two parts: the nucleus and a glide; the formulation that, for example, a in bait is the “long counterpart of short a” in bat makes matters even worse.) Some people still rhyme again with fain, feign, fane. However, most rhyme it with Ben, den, ten; all the recent British and American dictionaries agree on this point." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"Only the origin of again is clear. Among its cognates we find German entgegen “opposite” and Old Icelandic í gegn “against.” In the English word, the prefix a- goes back to the preposition on. Old Engl. ongean meant “in the opposite direction” and “back,” not “once more.” The oldest sense of -gain has been preserved in gainsay, literally “speak against.” The Germanic root of -gean and -gegn must have been gag-; its meaning need not occupy our attention, The vowel ea in ongean was long, which means that it consisted of two halves, each of which could be stressed, depending on the word’s place in the sentence, intonation, and emphasis. There was a time when in words of such structure stress shifted from e to a, though it is not clear whether the attested modern dialectal form agan owes its vowel to eá, from éa." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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The Naming of Hobbits | OUPblog - http://blog.oup.com/2012...

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"It will be interesting to see how much of J.R.R. Tolkien’s several invented languages will appear in Peter Jackson’s The Hobbit. In a letter to his American publisher, dated 30 June 1955, Tolkien suspected there were limits to how much invented language readers would ‘stomach’ — to use his term. There are certainly limits to how much can be included in a film. American audiences, anyway, are subtitle averse. Of Tolkien’s invented languages, Elvish receives most attention, not unreasonably, since it is illustrated most often in Tolkien’s works and most fully articulated in his manuscripts. Other languages are essential to The Lord of the Rings, however. When Gandalf reads out the delicately curved Elvish script on the One Ring in the rough-hewn Black Tongue of Mordor it represents so incongruously, Tolkien proves that some language — just the sound of it — can petrify us as surely as any Ringwraith. Tolkien’s languages aren’t suitable only for poetry or gnomic verses on rings. They also include the element of language most familiar to speakers speaking to one another every day, namely, names." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"When Tolkien came up with what sounded to him like a name, he would play with it a bit, experiment with its sound structure, and eventually a system of linguistically related names would emerge. Thus a family was invented, a family with relationships to other families in a mythical place, ready to take part in stories. As Tolkien explained in the letter already mentioned, “The ‘stories’ were made rather to provide a world for the languages than the reverse. To me a name comes first and the story follows.” And in his lecture on creating languages, ‘A Secret Vice’ (1931), he wrote “the making of language and mythology are related functions” and an invented language, at least one developed at length, will inevitably “breed a mythology.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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SARIT: Search and Retrieval of Indic Texts - http://sarit.indology.info/

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"SARITdisplays Indological texts marked up according to Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)guidelines. It uses a modified version of PhiloLogic™, a platform developed by the ARTFL Projectand Digital Library Development Centerat the University of Chicago. PhiloLogic™ is widely deployed in the digital humanities as a full-text search, retrieval and analysis tool for large TEI document collections. Notable installations include Perseus Project Texts Loaded under PhiloLogic™and the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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DCblog: On forgiving - http://david-crystal.blogspot.de/2012...

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"A correspondent writes from the US to ask whether I've encountered the expression ‘a forgiving recipe’. He heard it recently, looked it up in dictionaries, and couldn’t find it. ‘Is it an Americanism?’, he asks." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"I’m not surprised that it receives no separate mention in a dictionary, as dictionaries don’t provide a systematic guide to the collocations that belong to a particular meaning. And in the general sense of ‘easy’, ‘safe’, ‘comfortable’, forgiving has been used in a wide range of inanimate contexts – workplaces, enterprises, timetables, climates, surfaces, lights, clothing, and many other nouns have all been described in this way. Quite a common collocation is with piece: a forgiving piece of clothing / machinery / meat... So, as long as a dictionary illustrates from some of these, the broad sense will be covered." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Noam Chomsky's Legacy : The New Yorker - http://www.newyorker.com/online...

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"Noam Chomsky turns eighty-four today, more than a half century after he exploded onto the scene of linguistics, in in the late nineteen-fifties, as a young professor at M.I.T. His career began perhaps most notably with a book review that helped launch an entire field of linguistics (known as generative grammar) and laid waste to another (the behaviorist view of B. F. Skinner that then dominated psychology). From that moment forward, linguistics truly has never been the same." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"That idea of universal grammar didn’t just change linguistics, it had repercussions for virtually every field that concerns the mind. In developmental psychology, for example, no idea has ever been as controversial, or as pivotal. How much do children know about language before they even begin to talk? Do they learn language simply by imitating their parents, or is there a built-in language-acquisition device (or what Steven Pinker called a “language instinct”)? Parallel questions soon arose in other aspects of cognitive development as well." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Mysteries of Vernacular - http://www.mysteriesofvernacular.com/

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"In its final form, Mysteries of Vernacular will contain 26 etymological installments, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each episode takes more than 120 hours to create between the research, construction of the book, and animation. If you find yourself charmed, please consider making a donation." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Babel's Dawn: Language Simulates Perception - http://www.babelsdawn.com/babels_...

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"...Louder than Words: the new science of how the mind makes meaning by Benjamin K. Bergen. It is as important a book as I have found on this blog. Maybe it is even one of the most important I've read in a lifetime of reading about language. A statement like that, of course, tips my hand. This book vindicates a great deal that I have argued over the years on this blog: words work by piloting attention; language is a tool for sharing perceptions; to start speaking our ancestors did not have to get smarter, just more social." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"Bergen's thesis rejects mentalese. In place of a dictionary, it places perceptions and motor activity. Take the sentence The polar bear hid its nose. To interpret it the mentalese way, a machine or brain looks up the various words in the dictionary and uses syntactical rules to divine the abstract relationships between the words. Bergen says no, as we read the sentence we activate the very same neurons in the brain that we use when we see a polar bear or a picture of a polar bear. For the nose, we active our nose perceiving neurons. For the verb to hide, we activate the motor neurons used to hide a nose (by putting a paw/hand in front of the nose)." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Linguist makes sensational claim: English is a Scandinavian language - http://www.sciencedaily.com/release...

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"Faarlund and his colleague Joseph Emmonds, visiting professor from Palacký University in the Czech Republic, now believe they can prove that English is in reality a Scandinavian language, in other words it belongs to the Northern Germanic language group, just like Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese. This is totally new and breaks with what other language researchers and the rest of the world believe, namely that English descends directly from Old English. Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, is a West Germanic language, which the Angles and Saxons brought with them from Northern Germany and Southern Jylland when they settled in the British Isles in the fifth century." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Interesting, reading about Celtic/Brittonic influences on Middle English syntax and phonology (on Wikipedia, though) <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w... ; it seems some people believe that rather than Norse/Danish supplanting Anglo-Saxon entirely, the Danes instead disrupted A-S/OE from completely taking root amidst a predominantly Brittonic-speaking population. Instead of a sign of OE completely dying out, it could be that OE never really completely replaced Brittonic (the whole diglossia hypothesis). - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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BBC News - English or Hinglish - which will India choose? - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news...

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"Today's aspirational Indians want their children to go to a school where lessons are taught in English. But often the pupils leave speaking a language that would not be recognised in London or New York. Could this Hinglish be the language of India's future?" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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on a side note, there are many parts of London where there is a high Indian population where all the street names/station names are in both English and the prominent Indian dialect of the area, eg parts of East London and Southall to name a few. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Neuroskeptic: The Small World of Words - http://neuroskeptic.blogspot.de/2012...

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"I get a lot of this, and I usually don't respond to such requests, but this one looks pretty interesting. The project aims to collect the world's biggest word association database. You see a series of words and you just have to type in the first three words that pop into your head. Here's some more about it:" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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It was rather revealing personally. Mermaid -> green? Okayyy. Some of the words have associations for me that aren't exactly normal. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Greek Hexameter Analysis - http://www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt/eiledar...

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"Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον ἔπερσε· πολλῶν δ’ ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω, πολλὰ δ’ ὅ γ’ ἐν πόντῳ πάθεν ἄλγεα ὃν κατὰ θυμόν, ἀρνύμενος ἥν τε ψυχὴν καὶ νόστον ἑταίρων. Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

<a rel="nofollow" href="http://ancientworldonline... ; title="http://ancientworldonline... ; - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Words of Chinese origin have entered the English language and many European languages. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...

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Brainwashing A calque of Chinese 洗腦 xǐ nǎo (where 洗 literally means "wash", while 腦 means "brain", hence brainwash), a term and psychological concept first used by the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War. It may refer to a forcible indoctrination to induce someone to give up basic political, social, or religious beliefs and attitudes and to accept contrasting regimented ideas; or persuasion by propaganda or salesmanship. The term "brainwashing" came into the mainstream English language after Western media sources first utilized the term to describe the attitudes of POWs returning from the Korean War.[1] - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

Was talking/thinking about this yesterday with my friend - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Hobson-Jobson Soup: English Words from Indian Languages | Wordnik - http://blog.wordnik.com/hobson-...

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"Happy Diwali! To celebrate this festival of lights, we’re celebrating English words that owe their roots to Hindi and other Indian languages. There are over 2,000 of them in Hobson-Jobson, “a historical dictionary of Anglo-Indian words and terms from Indian languages.” We’ve rounded up 12 of our favorites here, 11 from Hindi and one from Bengali. Enjoy!" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

"juggernaut “Likewise, had Apple opened its iTunes-iPod juggernaut to outside developers, the company would have risked turning its uniquely integrated service into a hodgepodge of independent applications — kind of like the rest of the Internet, come to think of it.” Leander Kahney, “How Apple Got Everything Right By Doing Everything Wrong,” Wired, March 18, 2008 A juggernaut is “an overwhelming, advancing force that crushes or seems to crush everything in its path,” and “something, such as a belief or institution, that elicits blind and destructive devotion or to which people are ruthlessly sacrificed.” These figurative senses originated in the 1850s while the original sense, “huge wagon bearing an image of the god Krishna,” is from the 1630s, and is an alteration of Jagannatha, “a name given to Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu,” literally, “lord of the world.” Jagannatha is also “a celebrated idol of this deity at Puri in Orissa,” at which “great multitudes of pilgrims come from all quarters of India to pay their devotions.” According to Century Dictionary, Juggernaut is also the name of a character in Marvel Comics. The Juggernaut’s powers include superhuman strength, “extreme durability,” and being “physically unstoppable once in motion.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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That's Right - Lingua Franca - The Chronicle of Higher Education - http://chronicle.com/blogs...

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"How and why would an adjective meaning “correct” turn into an adverb meaning (1) “accurately” or (2) “completely” or (3) “immediately”? I recently spent an hour with my class on English grammar at Brown University trying to figure that out. It was an instructive reminder of how interesting undergraduate teaching can be when the students are smart." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"As an adverb, right seems just about totally restricted to the role of modifying prepositions. Linguists have used it as a syntactic litmus test for prepositionhood, in fact. But not all prepositions allow right. Which do, and why? And what is the essential meaning modification that it supplies? And does that relate back to “correct”? These were the topics I wanted my students to address." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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London mapped with language | Neurobonkers | Big Think - http://bigthink.com/neurobo...

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"A professor specialising in spatial analysis at London's UCL has produced a wonderful interactive map of London produced purely with a peppering of dots marking the locations individuals tweeted from over the past summer using different colours for different languages. It is both a beautiful demonstration of the ethnic diversity of a metropolitan city and a disquieting reminder of the trail of data that we leave behind us in the digital age." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Fascinating. Very fascinating....Malay as one of the top 10 languages tweeted during the Olympics is surprising. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » Monthly etymology gleanings for October, part 2 - http://blog.oup.com/2012...

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"Fowl, fox, and pooch. My cautious reservations about a tie between the etymon of fowl and the verb fly were dismissed in one of the comments. Therefore, a few additional notes on that word may be in order. The origin of fowl is uncertain, that is, controversial, not quite unknown. In Friedrich Kluge’s lifetime ten editions of his German etymological dictionary came out. In the first three, he said that fowl and fly (he of course dealt with German Vogel and fliegen) had apparently been connected for good reason (nicht ohne Grund). In the next two editions, for good reason was replaced with perhaps (vielleicht). In the sixth edition (1899), we find more likely (wahrscheinlicher) instead of perhaps. By 1899 Kluge had read an important article, to which he referred, and felt convinced that fowl was related to some words outside Germanic (such words in Lithuanian and Sanskrit mean “bird’s down” and “bird”). No new revisions of this entry followed." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"I have told this long story to make two things clear. First, anyone interested in etymology should remember that dictionaries, unless they unfold the entire panorama of conjectures and reasoning, reflect not the truth (which is often hidden) but their editors’ opinions, and opinions tend to change. Second, it is better not to insist on any of the existing etymologies of fowl, because the facts at our disposal can be interpreted in more ways than one. Skeat, in the first edition of his English etymological dictionary (1882), made the fatal mistake of saying that fuglaz, the reconstructed etymon of fowl, certainly arose by dissimilation for fluglaz (even the idea of dissimilation was called into question by those who accepted this etymology). When you study word origins, unless the question is trivial, never say certainly or undoubtedly! In Skeat’s last edition (1910), the verdict is short but not sweet: “Origin unknown.” Incidentally, the fuglas ~ fluglaz idea belongs to Eberhard G. Graff, whose dictionary of Old High German was appearing in installments between 1834 and 1846 (thus, decades before Kluge), and it found the support of such great scholars as Franz Bopp and Lorenz Diefenbach. And where is this idea now? Seebold does not even mention it!" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Steven Pinker: Linguistics as a Window to Understanding the Brain (video) - http://www.scoop.it/t...

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"How did humans acquire language? In this lecture, best-selling author Steven Pinker introduces you to linguistics, the evolution of spoken language, and the debate over the existence of an innate universal grammar. He also explores why language is such a fundamental part of social relationships, human biology, and human evolution. Finally, Pinker touches on the wide variety of applications for linguistics, from improving how we teach reading and writing to how we interpret law, politics, and literature." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

*bookmarked for when my brain is fully booted* - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Brain’s language center has multiple roles - MIT News Office - http://web.mit.edu/newsoff...

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"A century and a half ago, French physician Pierre Paul Broca found that patients with damage to part of the brain’s frontal lobe were unable to speak more than a few words. Later dubbed Broca’s area, this region is believed to be critical for speech production and some aspects of language comprehension." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"A new study from MIT may help resolve this longstanding question. The researchers, led by Nancy Kanwisher, the Walter A. Rosenblith Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, found that Broca’s area actually consists of two distinct subunits. One of these focuses selectively on language processing, while the other is part of a brainwide network that appears to act as a central processing unit for general cognitive functions." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » Curly-murly, flippy-floppy boom-booms - http://blog.oup.com/2012...

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"There are many words I love. Some of my favorites are abyss and buttmunch. I also love many categories of words, such as euphemisms and variations of the f-word. One of my favorite word types makes my heart go thump-thump and pit-a-pat: reduplicative words." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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"The Oxford English Dictionary is chock full of reduplicative words, many of which were new to me. Here’s a dibble-dabble of reduplicative OED words. If these terms seem unworthy of attention, stop being a doodoo brain and repeat one of my favorite quotations as a mantra. As Isaac Goldberg put it in 1938: “In the dawn of language, the bow-wows and the pooh-poohs and even the ding-dongs must have served man well.”" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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OUPblog » Blog Archive » An etymologist among the gods - http://blog.oup.com/2012...

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"Etymology, a subject rarely studied on our campuses, enjoys the respect of many people, even though they persist in calling it entomology. Human beings always want to know the origin of things, but sometimes etymology is made to carry double, like the horse in O. Henry’s story “The Roads We Take.” For instance, it is sometimes said that etymology helps us to use words correctly. Alas, it very seldom does so. If someone asks us about the meaning of the adjective debonair and is not only informed that a debonair man is genial, suave, and so forth but also that the adjective goes back to the French phrase de bon aire “of good disposition (nature),” this may help. But learning that the Gothic cognate of Engl. mad means “crippled” or that the historical sense of Engl. budget is “a small (leather) bag” will only confuse the speaker. Even in learning to spell etymology is rarely of service. Tuesday has ue, sleuth has eu, tube feels perfectly at ease with u, two end in wo, too is fine with oo, new has no problems with ew, unlike nu in painting, which, not unexpectedly, ends in nothing, unless you stick to French nue. And don’t forget shoe, you and ewe. The vowel in all of them is the same. A feeble explanation of each variant exists. Is a student of elementary English supposed to care? I am afraid not. (If your native language is American English, guess what The Nu Project means.) But knowing the origin of words often tells us something about the origin of things. In this respect, few examples are more trivial than lord and lady. The first of them means, from a historical point of view, “bread warden” (only one should think of loaf, rather than bread, to be able to connect the dots), while the lady of the household was a “bread kneader.” The development of both senses is instructive." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Entomology is awesome, though :-P - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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R. J. Cunliffe: A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect - http://www.tlg.uci.edu/cunliff...

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"R. J. Cunliffe, A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect was published by Blackie and Son Limited, London, Glasgow, and Bombay in 1924. Compared to the lexicon by G. A. Autenrieth (A Homeric Dictionary, NY 1895) which has been available in searchable form online for some time, Cunliffe has broader coverage of the Homeric vocabulary, fuller grammatical information and extensive examples of vocabulary usage which makes it particularly suitable for hypertext rendering. The TLG version is the first fully searchable online rendition of Cunliffe’s lexicon. All entries and text references are linked to the TLG texts allowing users to look up quickly the passages cited in the dictionary. Cunliffe's lexicon was digitized and automatically converted to XML with scripts developed by Nick Nicholas. Nishad Prakash was responsible for the database and search mechanism of the site. Maria Pantelia oversaw the general editing and the integrity of the data. (Click here for a list of Corrigenda.)" - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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BBC News - 30 of your Britishisms used by Americans - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news...

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"The Magazine's recent article about the Britishisation of American English prompted readers to respond with examples of their own - here are 30 British words and phrases that you've noticed being used in the US and Canada." - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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Skint as my checking account is until payday. - friendfeed from FriendFeed - -

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